English Conjunctions

Conjunctions A conjunction is a word which joins two sentences to complete their meaning. There are two kinds of conjunctions: 1. Co-ordinating Conjunctions: When the conjunction is used to join two statements of equal importance, the conjunction is said to be a co-ordinating conjunction. Examples : and, but, or, not, for, either, neither 2. Subordinating Conjunctions: When the conjunction joins two statements, one of which depends on the other for its full meaning, the conjunction is said to be a subordinating conjunction.Examples : before, after, since, because, if, though, which, who A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence. There seem to be three basic types of conjunctions. They are:  coordinating conjunctions  used to connect two independent clauses,  subordinating conjunctions  used to establish the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence, and  correlative conjunctions  which always travel in pair s, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSCoordinating conjunctions may join single words, or they may join groups of words, but they must always join similar elements: e. g. subject+subject, verb phrase+verb phrase, sentence+sentence. The seven coordinating conjunctions in English are: FOR – is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause AND – joins two similar ideas together NOR – The conjunction nor is not extinct, but it is not used nearly as often as the other conjunctions. Its most common use is as the little brother in the correlative pair, neither-nor BUT – joins two contrasting ideas togetherOR – joins two alternative ideas YET – is very similar to ‘but' as it also joins two contrasting ideas together SO – shows that the second idea is the result of the first An easy way to remember these six conjunctions is to think of the word FANBOYS. Each of the letters in this somewhat unlikely word is the first letter of one of the coordinating conjunctions. Among the coordinating conjunctions, the most common, of course, are AND, BUT and OR. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS A subordinating conjunction is a word which joins together a dependent clause and an independent clause.There are numerous subordinating conjunctions. The more commonly used ones are listed below. For a more comprehensive list see  http://webster. commnet. edu/grammar/conjunctions. htm#nor BECAUSE, AS, SINCE – are used to introduce the cause in a cause effect relationship between two ideas SO – introduces an effect in a cause effect relationship between two ideas ALTHOUGH, (even) THOUGH, WHEREAS, WHILE – are used to express contrast between ideas AFTER – is used to show timeAlthough documentation of the developmental order of the remaining subordinate conjunctions is missing, the best guess scenario would be: BECAUSE and SINCE, as they also in troduce the cause in a cause-effect relationship SO would likely seem to follow as it introduces the effect in a cause-effect relationship ALTHOUGH, (even) THOUGH, WHEREAS, WHILE may follow next as they express the contrast between ideas AFTER which expresses time concepts COrrelative CONJUNCTIONS Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what are called correlative conjunctions.They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal. Here is a brief list of common correlative conjunctions. both . . . andnot only . . . but alsonot . . . buteither . . . orneither . . . norwhether . . . oras . . . as| Types of Conjunctions A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses. There are three types of conjunctions:  coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and  subordinating conjunctions.Coordinating Conjunctions  may join single words, or they may join groups of words, but they must always join si milar elements such as subject+subject, verb phrase+verb phrase, or sentence+sentence. When a coordinating conjunction is used to join elements, the element becomes a compound element. Examples:  and, but, or, yet, for, nor, so Correlative Conjunctions  also connect sentence elements of the same kind, however, unlike coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. Examples: both – and not only – but also not – but ither – or neither – nor whether – or as – as Subordinating Conjunctions: These are the largest class of conjunctions. They connect subordinate clauses to a main clause. They are adverbs used as conjunctions. Examples: Time: after, before, since, when, while, until Reason: because, since, so that, why Place: where, wherever Condition: if, unless, until, in case Manner: as if, as though, how When we write, we use conjunctions to â€Å"connect words, phrases, and clauses, showing the relation ship between and among them,†Ã‚   as Scharton   and Neuleib describe (2001, p. 96). There are four types of conjunctions that writers can use. Let's review each type as a way to reflect on the different kinds of relationships that conjunctions can be used to reveal. Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions should used  when the elements have an equal relationship. Examples of coordinating conjunctions include  for, and, nor, but, or, yet,  and  so. Ex. Hall does not deny that the early colonists were overwhelmingly Christian,  but  he does recognize that not everyone practiced his or her eligion with the same zeal and fervor that is generally assumed in Puritan communities. Note that with this type of conjunction, you are connecting two sentences (making a compound sentence). In order to prevent this compound sentence from being a run-on sentence, a comma must precede the coordinating conjunction. Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are u sed in pairs and also connect equal elements. Examples of correlative conjunctions include  either†¦or, whether†¦or, not only†¦but also, both†¦and,  andneither†¦nor. Ex.It is another interesting phenomenon of history that any conflict within post-World War II Germany,  whether  between the two Germanys  or  between two sets of Germans, often resulted in one side’s claiming that the other used had fascist tactics. Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions  are used to show the relationship of the subordinate clause (a group of related words that contains a subject and predicate but cannot stand alone) to the rest of the sentence. Examples of subordinating conjunctions include  while, after, until, when, where, before, if, that, unless, because, although, though,  and  whether.Ex. Sherry walked to school this morning because her car battery was dead. Conjunctive Adverbs While they are not true conjunctions, conjunctive ad verbs often function as conjunctions. They don't show relationships  within  a sentence, but rather show the relationship between two independent clauses (a complete sentence, or a group of related words that contain a subject, a predicate, and can stand alone). Examples of conjunctive adverbs include  also, consequently, furthermore, however, indeed, instead, meanwhile, moreover, nonetheless, similarly, therefore, thus, besides, next, specifically,  and  subsequently.Ex. A first glance at his bibliography gives the appearance that the work may rely somewhat heavily on secondary source material;  however, a number of primary sources are also used, and it should be noted that the publication dates of the secondary source material range throughout the span of the study. Note that two complete sentences are connected. Therefore, a semicolon is needed. The semicolon shows that the two sentences are closely related and that the writer wants the two sentences to stay linked in the writer’s mind, while showing where one sentence ends and the next one begins.Notice also that a comma follows the conjunctive adverb. Test Your Knowledge| | Check your understanding by correcting the following sentences. Hint: Use the structure of the sentence as a guide to the relationship. Choose a conjunction or conjunctive adverb accordingly. 1. ___________ most of the work is a quantitative study proving the educational lag of Mexican American children, Carter’s work also pays significant attention to educational history. 2.Changes in party emphasis allowed for increasing segments of workers to join; however, dissent with Stalin’s policies was less tolerated; ___________ , many of these policies, particularly those of Stalin, were ambiguous due to the secretiveness and suspicion within the inner ranks. 3. At this time the existence of the relationship between science and religion produced a group of thinkers called Deists who believed that no knowledge could be held of a creator except his existence as necessary for natural law, _________ as in any group of theological thinkers, there were differences in perspectives on what this meant. . One provision allowed for the sale of public lands belonging to the perpetual school fund, the proceeds of which would _________ go directly to the public school fund ________ be distributed among the counties. Answers: 1. While  most of the work is a quantitative study proving the educational lag of Mexican American children, Carter’s work also pays significant attention to educational history. The first part of this sentence is subordinate to the second part. Therefore, a subordinating conjunction would be used.Others that could work in this context would be  though  and  although. 2. Changes in party emphasis allowed for increasing segments of workers to join; however, dissent with Stalin’s policies was less tolerated;  furthermore, many of these policies, particularly those of Stalin, were ambiguous due to the secretiveness and suspicion within the inner ranks. Here the second sentence serves as an addition to another sentence, so a conjunctive adverb is needed. Because it is an addition,  further  and  furthermore  are the best options. . At this time the existence of the relationship between science and religion produced a group of thinkers called Deists who believed that no knowledge could be held of a creator except his existence as necessary for natural law,  but  like any group of theological thinkers, there were differences in perspectives on what this meant. This sentence calls for a coordinating conjunction. Either of these sentences could work independent of each other. The word  but  works best here because it shows contrast. 4.One provision allowed for the sale of public lands belonging to the perpetual school fund, the proceeds of which would  either  go directly to the public school fund  or  be distributed among the counties. Here the two blanks should have been the clue that a correlative conjunctions was required. They are the only ones used in pairs. | | What are conjunctions? Sure, they're joining words, but they're much more than that. Conjunctions are the words that decide the importance of the various other words in the sentence. Coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions each have their own purpose. * DefinitionConjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses. There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions. * Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions connect two words or groups of words with similar values. In other words, coordinating conjunctions may connect two words, two phrases, two independent clauses, or two dependent clauses. For example, in each of the following sentences, the coordinating conjunction â€Å"and† connect s equal words or groups of words: Connects two words:  John and Reggie stayed up all night practicing their guitars.Connects two phrases:  The squirrel scurried up the tree trunk and onto a low branch. Connects two clauses:  Several managers sat with their backs to us, and I could almost hear them snickering at us lowly workers. Connect with Classrooms www. ePals. com/Join Easily Connect with classrooms all over the world, Join ePals today! Ads by Google There are only seven coordinating conjunctions in the English language, and they are often remembered by using the acronym â€Å"FANBOYS†: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. * Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions connect two groups of words by making one into a subordinating clause.The subordinating clause acts as one huge adverb, answering the questions â€Å"when† or â€Å"why† about the main clause, or imposing conditions or opposition on it. Here are some examples of subordinating co njunctions changing a clause into adverbial subordinating clauses in different ways: * I can go shopping after I finish studying for my exam. (when) * Because the night was young, Gertrude decided to take a walk. (why) * I’ll give you a dime if you give me a dollar. (condition) * Although he never figured out why, Hanna winked on her way out the door. (opposition) Note: The subordinating conjunction does not lways come between the two clauses it connects. Often, it comes at the beginning of the first clause. * Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. They are similar to coordinating conjunctions because they join sentence elements that are similar in importance. The following are some examples of coordinating conjunctions: Both, and:  Both Rodney and Xing made the varsity team this year. Neither, nor:  Neither Rodney nor Xing made the varsity team this year. Not only, but also:  Not only did Rodney make the varsity team, but he also be come one of the strongest players.Remember these three types of conjunctions – coordinate conjunctions, subordinate conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions – and you've got one part of speech down pat. A  conjunction  connects two or more  sentences,  clauses, or parts of clauses. Some of the most common conjunctions in English are  and,because,  but,  for,  nor,  so,  until,  when, and  yet. The two main types of conjunctions are coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. There are also correlative conjunctions, copulative conjunctions, adversative conjunctions, disjunctive conjunctions, and final conjunctions. ————————————————-Coordinating conjunctions A  coordinating conjunction  is a  conjunction  that links two words,  phrases,  clauses, or  sentences  that are grammatically equivalent. The six wo rds most commonly used as coordinating conjunctions can be remembered with the mnemonic device FANBOYS—for,  and,  nor,  but,  or,  yet,  so. Let’s look at a few examples: We have a porcupine  and  a kangaroo. [And  links two listed elements that are grammatically equivalent. ] You see  yet  do not hear. [Yet  links two grammatically equivalent actions (see  anddo not hear) performed by  you. ] We bathed the dog,  but  we couldn’t get him clean. But  links two independent clauses. ] Coordinating correlative conjunctions Some correlative conjunctions (see below for full definition) can function as joint coordinating conjunctions. For example,  neither  and  nor  in this sentence introduce grammatically equal elements, so they work together as coordinating conjunctions: Neither Joe nor John has any idea what he’s talking about. Coordinating conjunctions and commas For coordinating conjunctions,  comma  use depen ds on the nature of the linked elements. If a coordinating conjunction joins two  independent clauses, it usually should be preceded by a comma (e. g. We bathed the dog, but we couldn’t get him clean). If a coordinating conjunction links two listed elements, it doesn’t need a comma (e. g. ,  We have a porcupine  and  a kangaroo). ————————————————- Subordinating conjunctions A  subordinating conjunction  is a  conjunction  that links a  dependent clause  (also known as a subordinate clause) to an  independent clause—for example: The city recommends everyone stay inside because the winds could be dangerous. In this  sentence,  because  links a dependent clause (because the winds could be dangerous) to the main clause (The city recommends everyone stay inside).We know this  is subordinating because  because the winds could be dangerous  could not normally stand alone as a sentence. Here are some of the most common subordinating conjunctions: after albeit although as because before except if once since| that though unless until when whenever where whether while| Some phrases also function as subordinating conjunctions. Here are some of the most common ones: as if as far as as long as as well as even if even though| that inasmuch as in order to in order that so that such that| ————————————————- Other types Adversative conjunctionsAdversative conjunctions  (sometimes known as contrasting conjunctions) are  coordinating conjunctions  used to express comparisons or contrasts. The element introduced by the adversative conjunction usually qualifies or expresses a caveat with regard to the main  clause  of the  sentence. The most common adversative clauses are  but  and  yet, but   still,  however,  albeit,  although, and others are also sometimes adversative. Let’s look at a few examples of adversative conjunctions: He’s a shy  but  loving little boy. [Naples News] Here, the  phrase  but loving  creates a contrast to what is expected from the  adjective  shy.It is a living part of my spiritual life,  yet  I don’t know if one would call me a religious artist. [Houston Chronicle] In this sentence, the  independent clause  introduced by  yet  adds information to qualify what was expressed in the main clause. This technology,  although  not a foolproof way to monitor abusers, might give victims advance warning that danger is approaching. [Hartford Courant] And in this sentence, the  conjunction  although  introduces information in contrast to the main clause. Correlative conjunctions Correlative conjunctions  are two or more  conjunctions  used to link structurally identical parts of a  se ntence.Here are the most common pairs of correlative conjunctions: either–or| both–and| neither–nor| not only–but also| if–then| whether–or| Elements linked by correlative conjunctions must have parallel grammatical construction. For example, this is technically incorrect (the conjunctions are underlined): You’re  either  going to love his work  or  hate it. [Thousand Oaks Acorn] For such a construction to be correct, what follows  either  and what follows  or  must be syntactically equivalent. A diagram of this example sentence would look like, [Subject]  either  [auxiliary verb phrase] [verb] [object]  or  [verb] [object]. †?The segment following  either  has an element (the auxiliary verb phrase  going to) that the segment following  or  doesn’t have, so the two segments are not parallel. There are two possibilities for correcting this sentence: You’re going to  either  love his work  or  hate it. Either  you’re going to love his work,  or  you’re going to hate it. With sentences this short, correlative conjunctions are usually easy to use correctly. But using more complicated constructions involving correlatives such as  not only–but also  and  if  Ã¢â‚¬â€œthencan be tricker. Here’s another technically flawed use of correlative conjunctions: TTL Inc. s a socially responsible company that is  not only  known for innovations in engineering  but also  for its widespread support of education. [UA News] Here, the verb  known  should precede  not only, as the phrase following  but also  has no parallel verb. From the same article, here’s an example of correct correlative conjunction use: TTL’s passion for advanced education is seen  not only  in the hours dedicated to volunteering and guest lecturing,  but also  through endowed scholarships for prospective engineers at The University of Alabama. Commas and correlative conjunctions . Use no  comma  when the parallel segments are in the same  clause—for example: It was either really stupid or really brave. Our diversity is not only a challenge but also a gift. b. Use a comma when the two parallel phrases are in separate clauses—for example: If there’s a truly monumental disaster, then appoint the two last presidents to lend a hand. [WSJ] c. But even when two correlative conjunctions are in the same clause, it’s often acceptable to insert a comma before the second conjunction either to create a natural-sounding pause, or to prevent confusion.Copulative conjunctions Copulative conjunctions  (also known as additive conjunctions) are  coordinating conjunctions  used to denote addition. The  conjunction  indicates that the second word,  phrase,  clause, or  sentence  contains an additional fact that is related to the earlier word, phrase, clause, or senten ce. Some of the most common copulative conjunctions are  and,  also,  as well as,  moreover,  no less,  and  plus. Some copulative conjunctions may be used to start sentences—for example: My kangaroo can sing. And  she’s not too bad. Moreover, she won a Grammy last year.Plus, she’s a pretty good dancer. In the last two sentences,  moreover  and  plus  come close to becoming  adverbs  modifying the main  verbs  of their sentences (won  and the contracted  is). Such adverbial copulative conjunctions should be set off by  commas. And  does not need to be set apart. And  is the only copulative conjunction that can be used to introduce a second  independent clause  within a sentence—for example: We ate lunch, and we took a nap. Using any other copulative conjunction in place of  and  would turn this into a  run-on sentence. Disjunctive conjunctionsDisjunctive conjunctions  are  conjunctions  used to sep arate two or more mutually exclusive options presented in a  sentence. When a disjunctive conjunction is used, it usually indicates either that only one of the elements joined by the conjunctions is true, or that none of the elements are true. The conjunctions most commonly used disjunctively are  but,  either,  else,  neither, nor,  or, other, and  otherwise. Some disjunctive conjunctions are  coordinating conjunctions—for example, the  either  and the  or  in this  sentence: Poetry is usually either cheap or free.Here,  either  and  or  indicate that poetry is usually one or the other (cheap or free) but not both. Disjunctive pronouns separate these options. Other disjunctive conjunctions don’t need to be coordinated. For example, the  or  in this sentence functions on its own: I might use papier-ma? che, or I might use some kind of wood. The  or  separates two options, only one of which can be true. And in this sentence, the   neither  and the  nor  are used to indicate that neither option is true: Neither he nor his lawyer could be reached for comment. Final conjunctionsFinal conjunctions  (also known as illative conjunctions) are  coordinating conjunctions  used to introduce  clauses  or  phrases  that draw inferences or conclusions from earlier ones. Some of the most common final conjunctions (some of which are phrases) are  as a consequence,  consequently,  for,  hence,  so,  so that,  so then,  thus, and  therefore. Some final conjunctions introduce phrases within  sentences. For example, this sentence has two: In turn, this causes other asset prices to fall in those nations,  thus  worsening their banking systems, and  hence  leading to credit contraction and capital flight. NY Times] The phrase introduced by  hence  draws an inference from the phrase introduced by  thus, which in turn draws an inference from the main clause. Some final conju nctions introduce clauses within sentences—for example: Equalize the tax laws  so that  employer-provided health insurance and individually owned health insurance have the same tax benefits. [Wall Street Journal] Here, the clause introduced by  so that  infers what will occur should the action proposed in the  imperative-mood  main clause come to pass.A final conjunction may also be used to start a sentence that draws a conclusion from the preceding sentence—for example: Good writing is always about clarity and insight, precision and accuracy. Therefore, this confusing name calls into question the very quality of the writing instruction that will be given in the new department. [Inside Higher Ed] The second sentence, introduced by the final conjunction  therefore, draws a conclusion from the first sentence. And here’s one more example: Our current system provides individuals with little market power in the urchase of health insurance. As a result,à ‚  they typically pay exorbitant premiums. [The New Republic] Here, the sentence beginning with  as a result  shows what the conditions described in the first sentence lead to. OUTLINE 1. Introduction (neu d? nh nghia, vai tro c? a conjunction trong cau, trong l? i noi hang ngay. Cho vi d? ) 2. Types of conjunction 3. 1. Coordinating conjunction a. Definition b. List of coordinating conjunction c. Exercise 3. 2. Subordinating conjunction a. Definition b. List of subordinating conjunction . Exercise 3. 3. Correlative conjunction a. Definition b. List of correlative conjunction c. Exercise Note: * ph? n Definiton neu d? nh nghia, function c? a cac lo? i conjunction nay trong cau * Ph? n List of†¦ neu cac lo? i conjunction, cho vi d? , phan tich vi d? , trinh bay v? luu y khi s? d? ng d? u ph? y trong cau khi dung lo? i conjunction nay) * Ph? n exercise neu it nh? t la 10 cau, phan tich vi sao lai dung conjunction do, phan tich function c? a conjunction trong cau) 3. Conclusio n (

Implications of Islamic finance for securities law in New Zealand Essay

The global growth and development of Shari’ah compliant financial products has been more pronounced in the last three decades, when several countries already had established laws and regulations governing finance and securities. The materialization of variety of capital market products, compounded by progression of market activity, not confined to the traditional jurisdictions in Asia and the Middle East and the development and advancement of technology has led to global trade in Shari’ah compliant products not limited by the geographical boundaries, whereas New Zealand has laws governing investment and finance, what are the implications of Islamic finance for securities law in New Zealand? Furthermore how has the development of Shari’ah compliant financial products occurred in New Zealand and what is the regulatory treatment of these products? Introduction Islamic capital securities and Shari’ah compliant products, which were previously predominantly viewed as a preserve of Middle East and East Asia, has received geographical expansion beyond the traditional spheres of activity. The global impacts of Shari’ah compliant products resulted to the recognition of such products, hence International Organization of Securities Commissions hence creating Islamic Capital Market Task Force to access the compatibility of IOSCO? s core principles with the products and practices of Islamic finance. The securities of several countries were created and implemented before the global recognition of Islamic laws concerning finance and securities. In New Zealand, several laws which govern securities were implemented long before IOSCO’s creation and recognition of Islamic Capital Market Task Force, these laws include The Securities Act 1978, Securities Regulations 1983, The Securities Markets Act 1988, Securities Act (Contributory Mortgage) Regulations 1988, Financial Reporting Act 1993, Securities (Fees) Regulations 1998 and the Securities Markets (Fees) Regulations 2003. The growth of compliant financial services as experienced global growth and several measurement metrics have been recognised, such as FTSE Global Islamic Index Series, Global Dow Jones Islamic Market Index , FTSE Shari’ahh Global Equity Index , Bursa Malaysia Hijrah Shari’ahh and EMAS Shari’ahh indices, FTSE SET Shari’ahh Index, FTSE SGX Shari’ahh Index Series and the FTSE SGX Shari’ah Index Series which on critical analysis reveals that the global performance of Shari’ah compliant financial services has been on the positive trend, however New Zealand does not have Islamic compliant Series and as such, whereas the laws have been amended and changed several times, the global influence of Shari’ah compliant products is bound to have adverse impacts on the securities law in New Zealand. Literature Review The Islamic finance sectors in terms of Shari’ah compliance incorporate diverse spectrum of financial services such as securities, banking, insurance, non-bank monetary arbitration and capital markets where these products are influenced by the common Shari’ah legal maxim where any action is permitted unless expressible prohibited by law According to El-Hawary, Grais & Iqbal the growth of Islamic finance in the 1980’s and 1990’s involved mainly the augmentation of banking and trade-related financing activities. The Islamic finance sector is a product of Shari’ah laws, which are founded on Qur’an, Ahadith , Ijma, Qiyas, and Ijtihad, the laws however traverse the Islamic way of life in entirety, where associated influence of rules, laws and interpretations of Shari’ah is demonstrated in the religious, cultural, social, political and communal aspects of Muslims. According to Muhammad Ashraf , the convergence of the country’s regulatory laws, and the Shari’ah compliancy should be based on the principle of concordare leges legibus est optims interpretandi modus which dictates that the best mode of interpreting laws is to make laws agree with laws. New Zealand being a member of International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) which mandated the formation of an Islamic Capital Market Task Force (ICMTF) is envisioned to embrace fully and conform with international defined standards of Shari’ah compliancy, however the Securities Act 1978, which regulates primary markets in New Zealand forms a basis of regulation, Securities Markets Act 1988 regulates secondary markets, furthermore there exists legislations that impact on securities such as Unit Trusts Act 1960, Financial Reporting Act 1993, KiwiSaver Act 2006, and Companies Act 1993, these acts come in force before the prominence of Shari’ah compliant financial products. Mansoor H Khan , and argues that the implications of Islamic finance on laws are a challenge based on divergence of Islamic banking courts and conventional court systems, where disputed cases of the Islamic banks are subjected conventional legal system while in essence the nature of the legal system of Islam differs, he further argues existing laws, are repugnant to injunctions of Islam, yet they are expected to promulgate Shari’ah compliant legal cases and products. This supports the argument by Yong-Jae Chang , and Jun-Hee Choi , where existent laws are identified as inhibitors to development of Shari’ah compliant products, and advocates amendment of existing laws since Islamic banking resembles universal banking, consequently, laws and regulations need to be amended accordingly to provision for the universal approach, this complies with Securities Act 1978, which grants the Securities Commission leeway to co-operate with similar bodies overseas. The connotation of Islamic finance are disposed by the Shari’ah laws governing finance and investment, which are bound to have influence is the principle of materiality where financial transactions should bear material in terms of actual monetary transaction. In this case Shari’ah compliancy in terms of financial reward achievement is based on musharaka, in terms of joint ventures, where risks and financial results are shared by the contributing partners and mudaraba centred on trust financing where the outcome of business venture is shared by capital contributor and the managing partner. Shari’ah laws also prohibits predetermined interest rate, referred as riba or usury set ex ante, in this regard banks are disallowed from charging additional interests, which do not equally benefit the client, consideration of New Zealand laws, Securities Markets Act 1988 , requires brokers and investment advisers offer customers written disclosure statement and forbids market manipulation, hence agreeing with Shari’ah. With the principle of risk-sharing, the finance provider as well as the loaned party share risks, in exchange of profits and losses, the attractiveness of such arrangement has enhanced the growth of Shari’ah compliant especially to risk averse investors, regulations however have to be modified to suit such an arrangement. The Securities Act 1978 & Securities Regulations 1983 allows clients to cancel allotment of security midterm as a result of misleading information, on the Islamic perspective, Shari’ah dictates murabaha (mark-up financing), which occurs in terms of Basic Murabaha, Commodity Murabaha and Reverse Murabaha in which a financing institution buys products for a client and sells them on on a deferred basis, adding an agreed profit margin , however the agreement can be cancelled midterm, this conforms with existing laws on securities and can foster development of Shari’ah compliant products. Ijara which governs operating Lease and Ijara wa Iqtina which governs finance Lease are also products which demand less amendment of existing laws, since they are modelled on conventional sale agreements where the financial institutions acquire assets and leases them to a customer who may purchase the said assets at a later date, this is also exhibited in Diminishing Musharaka. On contrast however, qard hassana which prohibits charging interest on loans and bai’salam or bai’salaf is based on delivery or the purchased commodity, are different from the conventionally accepted principles of financial institutions which are geared towards achieving profits by charging interests. According to IOSCO report, Shari’ah law prohibits gharar or improbability or speculation, in actual sense however, financial markets are laden with vibrant and fickle behavior, whereas Shari’ah principle states that complete disclosure of information is a requisite and disallows indiscretion of information in a contract, while allowing improbability with controllable on the society, in New Zealand, the Financial Reporting Act 1993 , agrees with the Shari’ah laws and further defines the terms of compliance by defining the punitive measures against truant financial institutions. Conclusion The global pace of market development hint on interest to offer Shari’ahh compliant financial products by financial institutions globally, the fact that regulatory bodies such as International Organization Of Securities Commissions distinguishes these products means that global recognition and regulation of Islamic finance is eminent, with collaboration, information exchange and thematic work by financial institutions globally, New Zealand financial institutions will be compelled to offer Shari’ah compliant products, in essence this shall contribute to altering of the country’s laws to accommodate the new product.

Shortage of Correctional Officers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Shortage of Correctional Officers - Essay Example This shortages could hardly accommodate the increasing number of convicted inmates. As the size of the inmate population increases at a facility, so does the number of custody staff. Variation in the inmate to custody staff is related to many factors including inmate population, facility design , security level, facility population and status of inmates at a facility. The Department are unable to hire enough correctional officers to meet its prison's needs so they often uses costly overtime hours to cover for the shortage of officers. One factor that influence the supply of correctional officers is that there are difficulties in attracting and training enough correctional officers. Although hiring more correctional officers would ease problems, the department may not fill the needs to operate its academy at full capacity. Another is shortfall of budget and plan. Based on Audits report During the first half year of 2001-02, the department spent more than 110 million for staff overtime. The budgeted amount for staff is worth $74 million but surprisingly its already $36 million more than the budgeted amount was spent for overtime. During their study they found out that hiring 3,200 staff of officers is needed to work the hours assigned as overtime to current staff. Other problems must be consider though overtime can be pleasurable to some officers b ut because excessive overtime can raise health and safety concerns, it suggests to assign academy graduates to prisons experiencing high rates of overtime. The department of Correction can give safety concerns by monitoring the amounts of overtime of an individual correctional officer. In regards to salary, based on the audit report, State Correctional Officers salary start at $2,001 a month during their six-week training period. After successful completion of training they receive $2,355 a month with in-grade raises up to $3,835. The usual work week is forty hours, but officers may be assigned to any one of three eight-hour shifts. Overtime, which may be required during emergencies, is compensated at time and a half. Federal employees start their careers at the GS-5 level, which offers a pay range of $ 1,627 to $2,115 a month. The top step usually achieved is the Senior Officer Specialist, GS_8, which ranges from $2,231- $2,901 per month. Correctional shortages at California prison can increase its supply of correctional officers by exploring opportunities to attract more qualified applicants. Make attention of the operating academy to pursue additional funding to give its full capacity. It also recommend to consider the feasibility of increasing the number of correctional officer applicants and physical capacity for training them. Maximize the use of officers by converting them to full time or ensure them that they work as close to the maximum of 2,000 hours a year if possible to fill the needs being met with overtime. Once it attract cadets to the academy than its budgeted positions, then the department should pursue funding for additional correctional officer positions it will need in order to reduce its reliance on overtime. Hiring for additional

Children in Sweatshops Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Children in Sweatshops - Essay Example International conventions mandates that anyone under the age of eighteen is a child. According to this standard, the ILO estimated that there were two hundred forty-six million children involved in labor in 2000. Also, there were an estimated eight and a half million children that were involved in forced or bonded labor, armed conflicts, and commercial sexual exploitation. The earliest child labor laws were enacted in 1836. In Massachusetts, children under fifteen were required to attend school for at least three months out of the year. In 1842, a maximum of ten hours per day could be worked by a child. Many other states began to follow suit after the Massachusetts laws and early trade unions formed to protect children in the work force. There were many steps that took place after this, and much opposition to child labor laws, but the Fair Labor Standards Act was finally passed in 1938. This was the time that child labor laws in the U.S. were federally regulated. The focus of many of these laws that were passed dealt with children that worked in factories. Laws requiring children to attend school in England were passed in 1881. There are many reasons that child labor is still able to be used today. For example, many countries have exceptions written into their laws which allow child labor to still be exploited. In Nepal, the minimum age for working is fourteen, but there is an exception to the law which allows them to work in plantations and brick kilns. Similarly in Kenya, there are laws that prohibit children under 16 from working, but that does not include the agricultural force. Bangladesh also does not set regulations regarding agricultural or domestic work. India and Bangladesh typically have the worst reputation internationally for child labor. There are laws in both countries prohibiting children under fourteen from working, but these

HRIS Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HRIS - Personal Statement Example by about 25%; the opportunity cost of looking for a job from the perspective of applicants has decreased dramatically on the internet, the information about jobs can easily and quickly obtained online; and organization can also leverage aspects of their culture through the presented information on the website of the organization. It is also a great deal that more information can be disseminated to the job applicants through the website compared to the previous traditional materials of recruitment. The potential unintended or dysfunctional consequences of e-recruiting may include a reverse selection process. This is because wrong software may exclude groups of people from multiple protected categories. For instance, the argument was that the words that the screening software used were not the same words the members of Africa American community uses to transmit information. The applicants may be qualified for the job, but they fail to use the words used by the screening software. E-recruiting can also exclude a large portion of population. For instance, in cases where more young people use internet than old people, hence, e-recruiting will include more young people than old people. Hence, a desperate impact can be created where some protected groups have less chance to get

Influence of Arabic on Spanish language up to the 15th century Essay

Influence of Arabic on Spanish language up to the 15th century - Essay Example This paper will argue the impact of Arabic language on the Spanish language by exploring factors that contributed to the influence. Arab Muslim invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 711 and conquered it. The invasion ended the Visigothic Kingdom. The settlement of the Muslim Arab in the Iberian Peninsula influenced the lifestyle as evident by the immortalisation of the first Muslim general Tariq in the Ar. Gabal, previous referred as Calpe (Beale-Rivaya 9). The activities of Muslim Arab in the peninsula included converting the people of the Peninsular into the Islamic faith. Pharies argues in his book, A Brief History of the Spanish Language, that the presence of the Arabic speakers among the Spanish speakers influenced the language and the culture of the Spanish. Initially, the Spanish people were not Muslim (Penny 2). The Muslim Arabs taught the Islamic religion in Arabic, thus influencing the Spanish language. Penny (2) argues that the nature of influence that Arabic language and activity had to Spanish in the Peninsular of Bipartite nature. That is, the contribution through borrowing of thousand of thousands of wo rds and political perspective that explains how Castilian managed to establish itself in the present day Spain. The dominance of the Arabic language among the Ibero-Romance was probably due to the following factors: first, the Muslim invaders inhabited the Latin speaking population and settled among the Latin speakers for several centuries, second, the forces that invaded the peninsular did not carry their women. Thus, the generation after the settlement of the invaders was a result of mixed marriages. Muslims in the early centuries tolerated their subjects. Scholarship on influence of Arabic language to the Spanish language has mentioned the above aspects as probable factors that promoted the influence of the Arabic language among the Latin speakers (Beale-Rivaya 8). Scholarships that attempt to explain the transmission of the Arabism to the Spanish language have argued that Mozarabic bridged between the Spanish and Arabic (Isabelli 5). Mozarabic is a language that is much closer to the Arabic language. Pharies posits that the Arabic language was the super stratum language in the Andalusia Ro mance and ad stratum to peninsular Romance. This argument believes that the influence of Arabic language did not only occur because of the superiority of the Muslim regime whose official language was Arabic, but also the influence of the other minor communities. Thus, the influence to the language did not only influence the Ibero-Romance but also other communities the felt the influence of the Arabic rule in Andalusia. Historians believe that a superior culture institute its influence through language instruction (Penny 8). The same is must have applied in influencing the language of the Spanish. The influence of the Roman Empire to Andalusia is evident through Italianisms of the Spanish vocabulary during the Renaissance. In the above case, bilingual interaction did not occur between the Italian speaking communities and the Spanish speaking communities. This attribute has influenced some scholars to believe that language borrowing does not only occur in an instance of bilingual inte rac

Argument essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Argument - Essay Example In the light of the above, it may be argued that it is necessary to keep cultural traditions even if a person has moved into a new country because old culture has its own relevance in an individual’s life. Americanized immigrants like Vietnamese believe that their children will not keep their traditions alive because they do not understand why the rituals are performed on occasions. They believe that the tradition will culminate with the present generation. The children of immigrants have no idea about the prayers to be made to long departed souls. Though the old generation makes it a point to perform all the cultural traditions in varying occasions even if they live in the United States asking for the protection and guidance of the departed souls, their children are only interested in worldly matters of studies, degrees and recognitions. The agrarian ethos of family and worship has given way to the obsession of individual’s glories and ambitions. Keeping tradition alive, however, does not move away from the responsibility of the Americanized younger immigrant generations because at some point of time they regret and feel guilt for not carrying forward their cultural values (Lam 2003). It may be noted that there is not such element as timeless tradition because immigrants consider life of their ethnic society from a different perspective in a foreign land. To keep the tradition alive, immigrants usually build up their version of tradition by re-conceptualizing their past in the new foreign society to discuss issues and dilemmas. The invented tradition has a significance of its own because immigrants interpret and function in the present society according to the cultural models of the past. Factors that help immigrants to keep their cultural traditions of their home country alive are strong immigrant institutions and communities, ethnic networks and transnational relations. In

Dimensions and Diversity in Primary Science Essay

Dimensions and Diversity in Primary Science - Essay Example The N.C offers varieties of subjects to choose Art and design, Citizenship, Design and technology, English, Geography, History, ICT, Mathematics, Modern foreign languages, Music education & Science. The aim of the N.C is to focus more on the qualities of the skill they need to posses in order to be more successful in school and higher learning. The curriculum offered should enable all young people to establish themselves as follows: The N.C gives a lot of importance to the development of Personality in school this is because so that young people are assisted in their morals, cultural, academic development which will be more focused on their needs no matter which social class they belong to. They learn to achieve higher standard of living and learn to enjoy the whole learning experience even making them much more responsible individuals. Personal learning and Enhancing thinking techniques are given more importance as it will help them to be a better civilian, manager, parent or even a life partner. In order to plan an effective curriculum for the children, it should be more focused on the personal development. Not forgetting that each employee of the school can effectively contribute toward the child's development. Educating children will allow them to have a brighter future plan so in order for this to happen they need to develop important skills that will make their quality of life and employment opportunity m uch better. This would include those skills that transmit to learning or other skills which are more generic or which are convenient. This will help them to be more creative, reflective learner, solution finders and work in teams and in order to be successful they will also learn to transmit their ideas , that is communicate more efficiently. The N.C is basically focused on (PLTS) that is development of personal, learning and thinking skills. And along with this polishing of basic skills like English, Mathematics and information technology is given utmost importance. (13 May 2008.). key stage 3& 4. Retrieved January 1, 2009, from Skills Website,http://curriculum.qca.org.uk/key-stages-3-and-4/curriculum-in-action/casestudieslibrary/case-studies/Inclusion_and_success_for_all.aspx ) Since Science is now an important subject much light is given on it by the National Curriculum. It focuses on energy, electricity and forces and their effects on shape and motion and the variety of electric current in circuits it also focuses on Material behavior of atom and its physical properties, elements and compounds. The national curriculum for science also focuses on the life process, biology, fertilization, growth development and also the harmful effects of drugs on humans and also how ones behavior maybe influenced by external and internal factors. Finally, it help learn about the whole universe, that would be all the planets and how human activity brings about other changes in the environment. The new-fangled curriculum which is now been formulated

What role does Lex Mercatoria Play in international commercial Essay

What role does Lex Mercatoria Play in international commercial contracts - Essay Example XX century was marked by the rapid surge in international economic relations, which led to an increase of the world trade volume and accelerated the trade turnover between partners from different countries. But amid the dynamic changes of relations in the international commercial turnover, the legal regulation of these relations did not undergo a radical transformation. Such means as collision and substantive rules of national legislation of parties in dispute or the provisions of international contracts were traditionally used. However, in recent years the existence of a certain group of relations, which regulation goes beyond the specified levels, manifested itself. These are relations developing in the process of international trade implementation. Trade has always been a key element in international relations. Due to trade, the exchange of knowledge, customs and traditions among different peoples occurred. Trade also encouraged the development of other economic activities (e.g., banking, insurance and so on.) Any actively developing phenomena require adequate regulation; otherwise, it is impossible to achieve the objectives, pursued by members of the international commercial trade. In this case, the mechanism of regulation must meet, on the one hand, the interests of the market, and, on the other - the needs of the participants of trade relations (Selden, 1995). Objective reality of today is the inability of national legislations to fully resolve the whole range of problems, arising in the process of international commercial

Pepsi Cola International (PCI) in Ukraine Essay

Pepsi Cola International (PCI) in Ukraine - Essay Example Pepsi Cola International (PCI) in Ukraine One of the major challenges faced by Pepsi Cola International in this region is the poor infrastructure because of which too much time is taken to distribute goods throughout the region. The other challenge that Pepsi has been facing in Ukraine is about storing of goods because of lack of sufficient warehouse. Pepsi has also problems in distributing its goods in village areas of the country as people in such regions are not able to get the supplies of Pepsi despite of the fact that they want to drink the Cola. With inefficient logistics and supply chain in the country, different intermediaries have come up which are trying to capitalize on the situation by making the most of this opportunity and trying to sell the cola after keeping some profit. Thus, this is making the price of Pepsi to increase. In addition to this problems faced by one of the largest beverages companies of the world, firms in Ukraine have to face substantial tax rate in the country as the tax is imposed on 90% of the total sales of the company and therefore organisations are forced to misrepresent their actual sales and actual financial statements to improve their profitability. Currently the Coca Cola has built a bottling plant to capture the market of Ukraine despite of the fact that Pepsi has been the most favourite cola in the country for years. Therefore with the introduction of Coca Cola in the Ukraine market, the management is currently business practices and evaluating whether a change is necessary or not.

Management and Team Essay Example for Free

Management and Team Essay A team displaying effective team performance are identified as having several characteristics. These are: Clear Goals: These are essential and ensure that the team as a whole are working towards the same positive outcome – thus ensuring an effective and in tune team. Defined Roles and job descriptions: In order to encourage effective team performance it is critical that each team member in each position has definitive roles. When these are not followed confusion is rife and the performance of the team can be severely damaged. Defined roles ensure that each team member is doing what they should, know who to call on for assistance in a certain situation and makes for smooth and effective team performance. Open and clear communication: This ensures that all team members grow within a trusting and healthy interpersonal forum at work. Open and clear communications are the only way to ensure that a team performs effectively. Excellent communication throughout the team ensures that the team are working in sync with each other, making a strong in tune outfit. Effective decision making: Teams must receive training on effective decision making procedures in order for them to be effective. Read more:Â  Define the Key Features of Effective Team Performance If a team follows this training then the performance is enhanced across the whole team and mostly the best decisions are made using this process. Time is often saved using these techniques making for a happier healthier team. Participation from all team members: Regular time and forums to gather all team members are essential to the performance of the team. It not only empowers workers to give their opinion but allows and encourages all within a team to have their ideas and opinions validated – thus making a positive enhancement on the team. Participation also encourages the sharing of ideas and knowledge within the team creating diversity within the team as a whole. Valued diversity: Every team member has a different idea, opinion or approach and so bringing all of the differences from each individual together – this enhances the knowledge and diversity of the team as a whole. For instance – someone may be methodical and the other creative. Between them they sho uld have all avenues covered to make a well rounded team when put together. Recognising, at supervisions and team meetings, each individuals strengths enables the team to have many sides to use and in turn enhances performance. Managed conflict: is essential to effective team performance as it stops issues and problems from being ignored. It is a safe and positive way to take problems and bring out new ideas in order to solve and put at ease any members of the team affected by this conflict. It gives team members a chance to be heard and a solution sought in order to keep the team the best that it can be. Positive atmosphere: People who are happy in their work have been proven to be more productive than those who dislike their position and so positivity is a must at all times within a team. Cooperative relationships: An effective team gets along well and takes knowledge from co workers to improve the things they are less able to do alone. It has been proven that optimum team performance is achieved by team members who get along with each other. Participative leadership: An effective team with have leadership who are good role models. The leaders will be involved in the same type of work as all team members on occasion and show that they themselves can and will work as part of the team, even if they are at the top. It has been written that it should be difficult to identify the leader in effective teams upon observation. (Bruce Tuckman 1965) states that the best way to gain effective team performance is to follow his theory of Forming, Storming, Norming and performing. Following his theory tool is definitely a way forward and shows key features of effective team performance. When each stage is followed , a team should reach maximum performance quickly and with ease. (www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_86.htm) To summarise – the features of effective team performance are to have a happy knowledgeable team who meet regularly, share experiences, ideas and knowledge, to ensure team members are valued and to create a happy work environment where conflicts are safely managed and management are actively seen a nd involved within the team. With all of the above features evident within an organisations team should ensure and show excellent team performance. 1.2 IDENTIFY THE CHALLENGES EXPERIENCED BY DEVELOPING TEAMS Challenges experienced by developing teams include the notion that team members may become overwhelmed if the development is handled wrongly. Psychologist Bruce Tuckman (1965)says that in the initial stages of team development it is easy for teams to become overwhelmed by expectations of what they are being asked to do. However if the theory and tools are used correctly, team development is planned carefully, and the plan followed then all challenges can be overcome. With any team, disengagement should be looked for as if members do not participate then they will not achieve the desired outcome. Reading many papers on the matter lead me to believe that if you keep a team engaged, have a stringent plan, outline goals for the team and orchestrate using tried and tested methods, all challenges that may arise will be overcome. Time is always difficult to find with developing teams to enable the progression. Regular time should be allowed for team performance meetings and it is always difficult to orchestrate a workforce to develop. However difficult, a conclusion from my reading is that teams need time and without adequate tim e and a leader who knows what they are doing, developing teams can be seriously impaired. 1.3 IDENTIFY THE CHALLENGES EXPERIENCED BY ESTABLISHED TEAMS Established teams can be difficult to change. If an established team has effective team performance then great but if an established team has team performance that is not good then an established team may be difficult to shape as they will not be used to the new strategies and ideas involved in upping their performance. Following on as a Manager into an environment already established is always difficult. Bringing in new ideas – it is written that established teams can become un nerved and so this should be done using tried and tested techniques. It is important to identify in established teams what already works and grow with that and to slowly bring in new ideas and routes to enhance performance. Resistance to change is a natural response by human beings and should be looked out for and overcome quickly so as not to see a decline in positivity within established teams. (http://www.change-management.com/tutorial-pm-cm.htm) 1.4 EXPLAIN HOW CHALLENGES TO EFFECTIVE TEAM PERFORMANCE CAN BE OVERCOME. Team performance challenges can be overcome by using communication. Excellent communication is at the forefront of any issues and challenges with team performance. Listening is also equally as important as the team should be viewed as a whole and not as an individual. This builds trust and can be imperative in overcoming issues. The whole team will fell valued. Team time spent together can also be productive – socialising and getting to know each other can alleviate stresses and strains and can make a firm foundation for problem solving. All team members must be treated as equals. Problems will come if team members feel that one member receives special treatment. A Manager must also show consistency when completing all tasks with the team. Offers of helping team members is a positive solution as if you do the work yourself and complete the task – others will see that you are an equal and should respond positively. 1.5 ANALYSE HOW DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT STYLES MAY INFLUENCE OUTCOMES OF TEAM PERFORMANCE. There are five management styles widely used throughout the world today. They are: Authoritarian Management: A Manager at the head of the company decides how things are to be done and how each team member will work. There is no room for autonomy within this style. The Manager is solely responsible for devising company policy and implementing it. This Management style could isolate the team when used alone – although there is a place in certain settings for this management style to be used. Democratic Management – this heavily involves all employees and encourages them to have a sense of ownership and to be a part of the decision making process within a company. This Management style to me seems to be the most productive in encouraging teamwork. Democratic Management is what is used in my own company through team meetings. Staff are involved in the changing of systems and work and it is very productive. Paternalistic Management is where the boss acts as a parent to the employees. This style encompasses employees social needs into the equasion and looks at them as a whole person instead of just a worker. I can see how this management style creates a friendly working environment although my worry would be that employees would become too familiar. I believe this syle to enhance team performance . Autocratic Management – This is when a Manager makes decisions in line with their opinions and views and completely alone without the assistance of a team. This management style can leave employees feeling under valued and that they can have no opinion or say in how things are to be. There is no team involvement in this style. Autocratic management can often present as a well run company on the outside but on the inside employees may be dissatisfied – thus team performance damaged severely. Laissez – faire management – This management theory is defined as having employees that manage their own sections of the business and the over all manager watches from a distance. I like this management theory as at team meetings each member who has been responsible for their own areas can bring in their own achievements, problems and findings. If the right people are placed in the right position – this theory can be very productive. The over all manager can take more of a back seat if done well and the individuals can run the company – but only if they are self motivated individuals. 1.6 ANALYSE METHODS OF DEVELOPING TRUST AND ACCOUNTABILITY A democratic management style clearly develops trust as every team member is involved in the processes and operations of the company. Developing trust is based around communication. As we interact, question, disagree with and support decisions in a positive way, we build confidence in one another and promote overall group success ( Limas 2003) Key elements for developing trust are communication methods. Active listening, body language, group interaction and group communication must be used, observed and acted upon. This is why team meetings encompassing these are essential to develop group trust. The leader of all team interactions must be familiar with all communication methods with a view to trust buildings. Accountability development. Robust performance is based guided accountability. Within an organisation it is essential that all involved know their accountability and when this is acted upon. For instance – Managers are accountable for ongoing training and how this is guided through supervisions and passed onto staff members. In a domiciliary care setting – all workers have a job description and code of practice. They also receive training on safeguarding, record keeping and any other aspect of their day to day role. When workers have signed policies and procedures they will be aware of their own individual accountability. It is essential that regular training and updates are done so that all know who is accountable and for what within a care setting. The Management need training in these matters so that they know their own responsibilities. Accountability is developed when own responsibility is defined. 1.7 COMPARE METHODS OF ADDRESSING CONFLICT WITHIN A TEAM. There are many methods of addressing conflict within a team. (Goldfien and Robbennolt 2007) developed a dual model based upon assertiveness and empathy and have proven that linking these together using their five conflict resolution is productive. These are avoidance conflict – adopting a wait and see approach. This can often lead the conflict to go out of control. Yeilding conflict style – this is based upon having more regard for the person creating the conflict than of ones own self. This is used by individuals who with to keep social situations pleasant. They give into demands so as to not upset the apple cart. Competitive conflict style – this maximises individual assertiveness and minimises empathy. This style is used for dominating people who simply wish to win or lose. This is an aggressive style of conflict that usually involves arguing and shouting and power games. It is based upon feelings of intimidation (Morrill 1995) Cooperation conflict style – This style is when the individual takes into account both sides of the conflict and to the best possible outcome for both parties. This style is based around the conflict being dealt with assertiveness and empathy in equal measure. According to literature that has been written on conflict resolution – a cooperative conflict resolution style is recommended above all others ( Sternberg and Dobson 1987) Conciliation conflict style – This style is based around fairness. Giving and taking actions are evident to reach half way thus promoting conflict resolution. This style is both yielding and co operative combined. When a conflict is evident then the management should seek these styles and act accordingly dependant on the nature of the conflict. It is also about personal preference and characteristics of the individuals involved in the conflict. My personal method of dealing with conflict within my company is the consiliation style first and foremost but with the different styles above I can use another if my natural choice is unsuccessful – which it is not very often it does not work. References Bruce Tuckman . (1965). Managent theories and styles. Available: http//www.mba-online-program.com. Last accessed 14th sept 2012. Goldfien and Robbennolt. (2007). conflict resolution. Available: http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/conflict_resolution_conflict_management. Last accessed 08th oct 2012. management. (2011). established teams. Available: http://www.change-management.com/tutorial-pm-cm.htm). Last accessed 08th oct 2012. MIT human resources. (2012). Accountibility. Available: http//hrweb.mit.edu/performance-development/accountibility. Last accessed 08th oct 2012. Morill and Sternberg and Dobson. (1995). Conflict resolution. Available: http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/conflict_resolution.conflict_management. Last accessed 08th oct 2012. Univerity of Florida. (2010). Developing trust and co operation. Available: http//edis.ifas.ufl/fy748. Last accessed 08th oct 2012. wikihow. (2010). How to build trust. Available: http//www.wikihow.com/build-trust. Last accessed 08th oct 2012.

Democracy, Journalism And Society

Democracy, Journalism And Society Democracy is defined, basically as government in which the supreme power is vested in the people. Democracy is a very challenging form for politicians and it can be exercised by the people (Becker Raveloson). According to U.S president Abraham Lincoln (1865), he once stated that â€Å"government of the people, by the people, for the people†. So democracy literally is a set of ideas and principles that used to protect the basic human rights, freedom and to uphold citizenship. And in democracy, media is playing a contributory role by informing the public, educating voters, promoting ideas, and ensuring the government are accountable and transparent. Ever since, media has become a forum for public discussion and public debate has been recognized since 17th century. And today the communication way is still dominated by the media such as television, radio, newspaper, magazine, internet and etc. No matter is old age media or contemporary mass media, the distinctive function is still remain unchanged as media is used to disseminates information and form 2 way of communication (Crozier Huntington Watanuki, 1975). In order to obtain wider range of information, media audiences are replying on media information. For an example, voters watch TV to get the latest update during election campaign. In this case, from my point of view I agree with media is playing a crucial role in shaping a healthy democracy. Media audiences are more aware of various social issue, political and government activities through mass media. Dewey (2008) continue to argue, media also playing as a watchdog to guide of public interest over government and monitoring function. In news journalism media, watchdog is referring to an individual or group of people that come with notion of avoiding illegal practices. This can be seen as one of unique strength in media that helps to shape a healthy democracy because watchdog is ensuring government accountability in democracy and access the government performance. (Coronel, 2003). Watchdog is there to against abuse of power, corruption, financial irresponsibility, assorted malfeasance and other wrongdoing that might threaten the society. Example, based on the case that happen in Thailand, the investigate reports and the press has uncovered wrongdoing of the Prime Minister Thaksin Shinnawatra. ( Miranda, 2002). The strength of media in enhancing the democratic value is through the use of alternative media and audience participation. It became a space or forum for people to exchange of ideas, opinion and the value is more clearly defined (Becker Rsvelson, 2008). This is how a contemporary media facilitate public discussion and feed into promote a democracy. Nowadays media is fundamental to offer opportunity and right for citizen to associate freely, to educate the citizen about public issue and ideology is one of the factor to motivate the party member ( Clark, 2009). Media play as an active role in public debate and it is generally used to reflect citizen’s criticism, ideas, and agreement through website, vox pop and etc. Basically a democracy requires the active participation of citizen. Ideally, the mass media is used to keep audiences engaged in the government activities. (Coronel 1994). So there’s amount of political news and stories are publish or air in variety media, this allow citizens to appear on screen and speak in their own voices, express their feeling and discuss. (McNair,2000). For example radio has become the channel of choice as it is low cost and more accessible to the public which used to promote grassroots democracy. Besides that, the Vox Pop, is also widely used in television and newspaper stories. The producers will pick randomly and having an interview session with the citizens on the street. Vox pop consider as a form of news coverage, which is help to shape the worldview of citizen and influence the news agenda. (Grab Zhou, Barnett, 1999). As Loviglio (2002) has shown, Vox pop is a news reporting that offer 2 way public communication on a range of topics or issues, so citizens are able to talk and comment about their perception towards democracy. All the public discussion in a move to engage public and listen to the citizen voice. In the new democracies, we expect the media would build a civic culture through a tradition discussion or public debate. Besides, vox pops has make a connection between government and citizen, since everything is mediated through authoritative voice ( Tait, 2001). It is arguable that public opinion has certain impact on democracy. The rise of Vox Pop been also seen as an important element in news organisation, in term to make news more relevant in democracy. However, there’s some argument and critics from other scholars as well. Based on the book by Lewis et. Al. (2005), they argue that vox pop do offer an opportunity for citizen to voice out their political opinion, but at the same time there’s also some limitation. Cottle argues that even citizens participate in the following television talk show, but their voice are not been heard as always because of infrequently allowed to develop their own opinion. Citizen rarely have chance to be â€Å"primary definers† to provide frame work as normally anchor will first introduce the topic, frame the topic area, deliver basic information as a preview.( Hall et al, 1978). Richard Tait (2004) also continue critics that vox pops is just serve as a responds to elitism news programme and more or less similar to an audience participation programme. In addition, Vox Pop allows citizen to participate and openly discuss about their common concern such as political debate, but they are more into expressing their own feeling based on their personal experience and self-interest, rather than the common good or making any improvement. (Richard, 2004). They will speak as a consumer but not as a citizen that attempt to create a better place for their country. Nevertheless Vox Pop still has contribution in shaping a healthy democracy. It create a space for all the political view being expressed and substantive opinion to be seen. Vox pop still serve as a useful media to allow citizen participation and a way to communicate (Lewis et.al, 2005). Besides, democracy is brought about through public debate and it is necessary of mass participation and a requirement for democratic responsiveness to public references (Sartori, 1987). Clearly every political participants attempt to control over the public opinion and structure favourable outcome to their political interest as most of the public are depending heavily on the messages that construed by the media (Callaghan Schnell,2001) So it is important to examine who control the political rhetoric, based on two scholars, Kinders Sanders (1990). They underscored how the media is structuring, interpreting and shaping political issue in democracy. The media has emerge as a more active role in repacking the player’s fame and shaping the policy message. So public debates and public participation is vital to strengthen democratic institutions. In this way, citizen opinion can be considered and taken into account as one of the contributions and effort towards public debating alig ned with democracy. (Coronel, 1994). Public opinion is a tool to control politicians that lead the country, the voices must be heard. Similarly media role is primarily that helping to shape a healthy democracy in pursuit of economic growth. Journalist attempt to influence, educate and inform the citizen through variety type of mainstream media, this is how media role is contributing where politicians can promote their unique policy frames and get the message across to public effectively. (Cohen et.al, 1963). Media are widely used by journalist to convey information to the general public and to expand their visibility in democracy, as the press has tremendous influence (Callaghan Schnell, 2001). A journalist is required with professional skill in news reporting and representing divergent views, which helps to propagate peace journalism. Sen (2001) has argues that free press contribute greatly in assuring an accountable governance. In the other hand, the journalist are challenged by certain limitation and constraints by using media to promote democracy. Some of the unethical journalist practices might causing inability to fulfil democratic function. (Coronel, 1994). At the same time, each media has gatekeepers and they might filter over the information, so not everyone’s voice and opinion can be heard. The gatekeepers often determine the media content and manipulate the messages, so many of the citizen’s opinion has been cut down. Many voices been so frequently been ignored when the gatekeepers who are able to define the story, selecting on what issue is news value and they decide what to publish on the mass media (Clack, 2009). It is pointless if the citizen can only express their criticism in a closed room In doing so, we move on the discussion to citizen journalist as well. Journalist and citizen journalist are two group of people that work together and it is a two way form of news. Citizen journalist is defined as ordinary users who participate and engage in journalist practise which including blogging, photo and video sharing and article posting (Goode, 2009). In other word they are not professional journalist but they are generally associated with internet and they do sharing. Internet allows them to comment or interact with each other, and the most important thing is the freedom from state control. Nowadays media is enveloping and participating in alternative media to promote democracy, and citizen journalist is one of it. (Miller, 2004). A media democracy is basically using mass media to empower all members of society through propaganda and citizen journalism, which citizen can participate themselves in anything by posting or sharing through their cell phone. Based on commenters Pippa Norris (2000), media function mainly as information provider and it helps to improve political engagement that consider as a positive effect of the rise of spin. From this perspective, the deregulation use of media by journalist or citizen journalist actually being beneficial to democracy. However there is scepticism about citizen journalist by some media scholars and critics. They argued that citizen journalists are reducing the quality and credibility by using media. According to Wall (2012), people have perception that citizen journalist is poor for professional news, arguing that they lack of skills to adequately serve as a watchdog on wrongdoing by powerful forces. Besides, the critic argue that citizen journalist might displace the untruth, incomplete, and untrustworthy source in misleading the media audiences. For example: They just publish whatever they see without finding the truth, and attempt to bring popular attention. Another strain of criticism portray that citizen journalism might reinforcing prejudice and muddling the truth, according to Coronel (1994). As a conclusion, media might have certain limitation in rules and regulation but it is possible to see media role has help to enhance in democratic value, in the sense that media is still a powerful and fundamental element which ultimately helps the government in making the democratic system more accountable. In many new democracies, media are still seen as a democratic tool despite the contemporary media propensity for sleaze, sensationalism and superficiality. References Clack, G. (2009). Democracy in brief. Available at http://photos.state.gov/libraries/korea/49271/dwoa_122709/Democracy-in-Brief_kor.pdf [Accessed: 7 August 2014] Miller, D. (2004). System failure: its not just the media- The whole political system has failed. Journal of Public Affairs, 1-4, pp. 374-382. Available at https://blackboard.ljmu.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-2551260-dt-content-rid-8522570_2/courses/6013MASSCO-201314-SUM/DAVIDMILLAR%282%29.pdf [Accessed: 7 August 2014] Miranda, R. (2002). â€Å"Targeting Journalists,† Philippine Journalism Review, pp16-20. Becker, P. and Ravelson, J. (2008). What is democracy? Available at http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/madagaskar/05860.pdf [Accessed: 7 August 2014] Callaghan, K. and Schnell, F. (2001). Assessing the democratic debateà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡How the news media frame elite policy discourse, 18:183-212. Available at http://www.asc.upenn.edu/usr/ogandy/C45405%20resources/Callahan%20and%20Schnell%20Assessing.pdf. [Accessed: 7 August 2014] Coronel, S. (2003). Corruption and watchdog role of the news media. Available at http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Acrobat/WorldBankReport/Chapter%205%20Coronel.pdf. [Accessed† 7 August 2014] Crozier, M. and Huntington, S. and Watanuki, J. The crisis of democracy. Available at http://www.trilateral.org/download/doc/crisis_of_democracy.pdf. [Accessed: 7 August 2014]

Ethical Dilemmas Of Animal Testing

Ethical Dilemmas Of Animal Testing This report is based on the Literature Review about ethical dilemma that arises over the controversy of using Animals for Testing and Research Studies. We have tried to explain in brief about Animal Testing and discussed broadly with the Ethical Theories that support and argue about the Use of Animals. We have also tried to relate all the ethical dilemma with respect to PG, who over the past decade has been constantly facing the allegations over the use of Animal Testing to ensure that their consumers get Safe Products. We have tried to come to a conclusion on how Animal Testing can be reduced, if not completely eradicated. At the same time we have voiced our opinions on the use of various alternatives to Animal Testing. Overview of Animal Testing The Use of Animals for test observations and Experimentations for the greater understanding of reactions from a particular substance or raw material that goes into some goods or medicines that we consumers consume can be termed as Animal Testing. Or you can say the use of non-human animals experimentations to prevent pain and sufferings to human beings A number of companies that produced goods for personal and hygiene care have emerged from the mid to late nineteenth century and this resulted in the number of animal tests and experiments to grow exponentially. The main reasons for those tests were medical research, to cure illness and test chemical compounds used to develop new products. Those tests were conducted in medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, and even farms. The vast amounts of animals that are being tested on are mice, monkeys, cats, dogs and guinea pigs. However, certain types of animals are used for different types of research for instance mice for cancer research, dogs for transplant surgery and cats for psychological experiments. Moreover, most of those animals that are being tested on are purposely-bred and supplied by the specialists companies, others usually come from the pound or are just caught in the wild. Over 100 million animals in North America alone will be killed in animal tests this year. Animal testing has been going on for years, a lot of companies test their products on animals, some of these tests consist of restraining animals and dropping chemicals into their eyes, the scientists also forcefully pump the chemicals into the animals stomach though a tube to see how it reacts to the chemical. These experiments are sometimes carried without anesthesia which makes it extremely painful for the animal. After observing the reactions for a number of days the animal is either destroyed or re-used in other experiments, most experiments consist of burning, stabbing and drugging animals. The thing is that animals react to drugs differently than we do so the results cant accurately be applied to humans so why do scientists do it? Since we cannot legally conduct tests on ourselves as humans, we look at the creatures that are right below us, animals. However, some of us dont seem to notice animals have feelings and can experience pain just as we would. As Jeremy Bentham would ask, The question is not, Can they reason? Nor, Can they talk? But can they suffer? Testing Animal Testing and Ethical Dilemma Introduction The rise in the consumer dominance has led the organizations to adopt the use of various artificially derived chemicals for use in production of Personal and Hygiene Goods. At the same time, medical advances and pharmaceutical companies acknowledge the use of animals for research studies and experimentation. This has raised various doubts about our ethics. Testing on Animals for chemical substance reactions to ensure consumer safety and drive innovative techniques is believed to be inhumane by some, while others agree that Animal Testing saves LIFE. This research paper evaluates the ethical dilemma borne by us. Animal Testing Define The obvious questions that are raised here are about the whole concept of Animal Testing and why is it necessary? Most of us are made to believe that Animal Testing is simply the torture of animals, striping them of their rights and cruel treatment of animals. This Definition of Animal Testing might have derived from various organizations that do not support the idea of Animal Research Studies as a whole and demand ethical treatment of animals through unjust terrifying acts of demonstrations and protests. These are the organizations who believe Animals have RIGHTS. It was argued upon by Robert Goldberg (1990) at the Washington conference of Committee for Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal with top dignitaries of the Humane Society about the issue of euthanizing millions of stray animals in public interest, and why the ruckus of using the same animals for the use in lab-testing. It was also argued upon at the conference over how activists have been indulged in terrorist like activities, as demonstrated by various raids at numerous labs conducting experiments on animals. The irony is, we as humans, will never be willing to come up and accept the fact that if we dont test the substances on Us, Animals are the next best alternatives to ensure Safety. There has always been an argument that animal testing results are inaccurate and also it is expensive to perform tests, secondly, animal testing is inhumane, and thirdly, there are alternatives to animal testing. According to former scientific executive of Huntingdon Life Sciences, animal tests and human results agree only 5%-25% of the time. Then looking at Tony Pages Vivisection Unveiled it states that less than 2% of human illnesses (1.16%) are ever seen in animals. In the tests of LD/50 short for Lethal Dose 50 per cent, a test wherein the animals receive a continuous dose of a dangerous chemical until half of them die , the Humane Society of the United States states that LD/50 tests do not yield enough data on the following: the poisonous doses of a chemical or substance, the prediction of poisoning signs and symptoms, the prevention or correction of over doses, and the specific cause of death in laboratory animals. Finally, looking at PETAs fact sheets, they argue that In many cases, animal studies do not just hurt animals and waste money; they harm and kill people, too. The drugs thalidomide, Zomax and DES were all tested on animals and judged safe but had devastating consequences fo r the humans who used them. The cost of animal testing is about $136 billion each year. Ethical Dilemma : Corporate Assessment PG Despite the fact that reliable modern humane tests are available in these days, Procter and Gamble insist on testing on animals claiming that this is the last resort that makes sure of their products safety. Whether it is ethical or unethical for Procter and Gamble to test on helpless animals is the question raised in this ethical dilemma. The case is analyzed and ethically evaluated based on: Deontological Theories Teleological Theories Casuist Theory All of these ethical theories aim at a common set of goals which are the ethical principles and that includes Beneficence, Least Harm, Respect for autonomy, and Justice. Deontological Theories: Deontological theories focus mainly on duties, obligations and rights. One of the most common deontological theories is the Kantianism which is known of its two formulations the Categorical Imperative I and the Categorical Imperative II. PRO ANIMAL TESTING: A scientist at Procter and Gamble would raise the question: is it right for humans to test on animals to save human lives? The proposed rule would be that humans can and have the right to test on animals in order to save human lives. So if we universalize the rule: it is accepted for humans to test and experiments with animals in order to save human lives. Furthermore, According to Immanuel Kant- the German philosopher- the only thing with any basic value is a good will. Since animals have no wills at all, they cannot have good will; they therefore do not have any basic value. Hence, it is ethical to test on animals because it saves humans lives. Procter and Gambles scientist would argue that moral rights and principles of justice apply only to human beings. Morality is a creation of social processes in which animals do not participate. Moral rights and moral principles apply only to those who are part of the moral community created by these social processes. Since animals are not part of this moral community, we have no obligations toward them. But we do have moral obligations to our fellow human beings, which include the duty to reduce and prevent needless human suffering and untimely deaths, which, in turn, may require the painful experimentation on animals. CON ANIMAL TESTING: A scientist working at Body Shop raise the question: Can Procter and Gamble mistreat and torture an animal claiming that this is the only way to make sure of their products safety? The proposed rule would be that organizations and companies can torture animals and demonstrate hideous experiments on them just because they believe that human beings are superiors to animals by being rational and intelligent. So if we universalize the rule, then a person can apply scientific experiments on any irrational unintelligent creature. Hence, that would include babies and people with mental difficulties and this would definitely be considered immoral and unethical on so many levels. That leads to the fact that although animals are irrational creatures, they feel the pain and the torture exercised on them. Thus, Procter and Gambles testing on animals can be termed unethical. Categorical Imperative II implies that individuals should act in a way that leads to a mutual benefit, treating both parties as ends in themselves. According to the case, animals are being misused in a way that is only considered beneficial for the human kind by Procter and Gamble. In other words, animals are being used as means to an end. Therefore, Procter and Gambles actions towards animals are unethical. Other deontological theories focus on the rights rather than duties and obligations. This leads to the controversial question: Do animals have rights? Even though there is no law that clearly states that animal rights are equal to human rights, animal rights campaigners have stated that animals have the right to live free from human exploitation, whether in the name of science or sport, exhibition or service, food or fashion. Animals have the right to live in harmony with their nature rather than according to human desires. Injecting chemical substances into a rabbits eye for seven days to produce a Head and Shoulders shampoo deprive him from any of these rights. Applying cancer and toxicity tests on rats and mice of optical brighteners and other laundry detergent ingredients leave them with no rights as well. These are just examples of the various experiments applied on animals in Procter and Gambles laboratories. Thus, testing on animals is unethical. Teleological Theories: Teleological theories focus on the consequences and the results of an action. Both of the Utilitarianism theories are perfect examples of such theories. An Act Utilitarians main objective is to take the action or the decision that would maximize the benefits for most people regardless of constraints such as law. On the other hand, a Rule Utilitarian takes into consideration justice and fairness as well as beneficence for most people. PRO ANIMAL TESTNG: Those who argue for the continuation of painful experimentation on animals state that society has an obligation to act in ways that will minimize harm and maximize benefits. Halting or curtailing painful experimentation on animals would have harmful consequences to society. Indeed, pain is an evil to be minimized, and scientists at Procter and Gamble do work to minimize pain when possible. Contrary to sensationalistic reports of animal rights activists, Procter and Gambles scientists are not a society of crazed, cruel, curiosity seekers. But there are instances when the use of alternatives, such as painkillers, would interfere with research that promises to vastly improve the quality and duration of human lives. Animal research has been the basis for new vaccines, new cancer therapies, artificial limbs and organs, new surgical techniques, and the development of hundreds of useful products and materials. These benefits to humans far outweigh the costs in suffering that relatively few animals have had to endure. Society has an obligation to maximize the opportunities to produce such beneficial consequences, even at the cost of inflicting some pain on animals. CON ANIMAL TESTING: From an Act Utilitarian point of view, Procter and Gambles animal testing does not only harm the whole animal kingdom; it is harming the human race and the environment as well. Animal testing is one of the main reasons of having various animals such as chimpanzees, macaques and white rhinos under threat, the threat of extinction. And as clarified earlier, animal testing is not the adequate way to save human lives. On the contrary, it is putting their lives in danger as well. A Rule Utilitarian who takes into account fairness and justice would add to the previous points that there is neither justice nor fairness applied when human beings use animals as disposable machines claiming that this is the only way to save as much human lives as possible (which is of course not true). Thus, According to the Act and Rule Utilitarianism theories animal testing held by Procter and Gamble is unethical. Casuist Theory: The casuist theory compares a current ethical dilemma with examples of similar ethical and their outcomes. PRO ANIMAL TESTING: Comparing our current ethical dilemma of Animal Testing and contrast the same with use of Canines as human companions, or use of animals for human safety would raise more doubts about our sincerity and perseverance to the issues raised in our society. Do we fail to conceptualize the degree of our social environment that would create a clear ethical ground that justifies why we do what we do. Although most of the training is under acceptable standards, some safety patrol dogs need rigorous training which can be brutal and inhumane. CON ANIMAL TESTING: Looking at the issue from a casuistic point of view, a perfect similar ethical dilemma would be of human slavery. Caucasians used to believe that they are superior to others and therefore used to slave Africans and treat them in a very inhuman way claiming that by doing so they are maximizing the benefits for the whole world. This was considered one of the norms back in those dark times. Nowadays it is considered immoral, unethical and completely unacceptable in every nation and society to treat another human being in an inferior way. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights clearly states now that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and that everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Peoples awareness for human rights has been increasing throughout the years and this was the reason behind this Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Unfortunately, scientists at Procter and Gamble are still unaware of the fact that animals are entitled to have their own rights. They are oblivious to the fact that we as human beings have no right to mistreat animals. They have no right as human beings to capture them, torture them and kill them with no mercy under the veil of saving human lives. On the contrary, animals should have the right to live peacefully with their nature and we as the rational creatures on this earth are obligated to defend the helpless kingdom and protect them from any harm. Thus, animal testing at Procter and Gambles laboratories can be simply ceased by declaring it unethical. Consumers First Looking at the whole idea from PGs point of view. According to PGs Human Safety Brochure and Sustainability (2009) overview, we have to first realize the fact that on an average about 4 billion people in the world use PG products every single day. This makes it their utmost priority that they reduce the risk of any type to the end-user. It has been for this very fact, that PG has been indulged in Animal Testing. The underlying factor here is that, we, as Humans, would be biased over the fact that if a particular product is tested on animals, and is guaranteed not to harm us or our children, we instantly change our opinion about the use of Animal Testing. According to Davis and Donald, we cannot have the ultimate assurance of the safety in the products we buy and use independent of animal testing. They specifically quote with present day technology, if the cost of achieving such assurance mandates the sacrifice of an occasional hairless mouse or rabbit or laboratory rat, then it is a price that we are prepared to pay. It is a delusion and a sham at this point to say we can achieve one without the other. Although the Ban on animal testing in various countries have given rise to various companies that are not indulged in Animal Testing, the Body Shop was one company that started off even before the ban with one view in mind Cruelty Free products. Many Researchers and Authors like Goldemberg and Robert (1992), believe that although a companys final product may not be tested on animals, but there is always a chance that down the line, some of the ingredients used were tested on animals by its suppliers or somebody else in the industry. Conclusion Medical Advances such as various vaccines, Insulin, treatment for kidney through dialysis, etc. Has been possible as a result of animal testing. At the same the use of various personal care products such has shampoos and cosmetics have been certified safe for human consumption as a result of constant development through Animal testing and research. During this journey, we have failed on many occasions to successfully justify animal testing when researches have gone wrong and caused harm and in certain cases death to Humans. Although we understand that Animal Testing has resulted in numerous data and statistics that would help generate computer simulation models and prove as a bench mark for further research, we can never stop Animal Testing as whole as it is fueled by our hunger for innovation. There is always room for efficiency and least harm. This can be achieved by the 3Rs theory developed by British zoologists William Russel and Rex Burch in 1959. The theory focuses on Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of animal testing and experimentations.